Data Structures and Algorithms
with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in Java 
To determine the average running time for the quicksort algorithm,
we shall assume that each element of the sequence has an equal chance
of being selected for the pivot.
Therefore, if i is the number of elements in a sequence of length n
less than the pivot,
then i is uniformly distributed in the interval [0,n-1].
Consequently, the average value of 
.
Similarly, the average the value of
.
To determine the average running time,
we rewrite Equation 
thus:
To solve this recurrence we consider the case n>2
and then multiply Equation by n to get
Since this equation is valid for any n>2, by substituting n-1 for n we can also write
which is valid for n>3.
Subtracting Equation from Equation gives
which can be rewritten as
Equation can be solved by telescoping like this:
Adding together Equation through Equation gives
where 
is the 
harmonic number .
Finally, multiplying through by n+1 gives
In Section it is shown that
,
where 
is called Euler's constant .
Thus, we get that the average running time of quicksort is
Table summarizes the asymptotic running times
for the quicksort method and compares it to those of bubble sort.
Notice that the best-case and average case running times
for the quicksort algorithm have the same asymptotic bound!
| running time | |||
|
algorithm | best case | average case | worst case |
| bubble sort |  | | |
| quicksort (random pivot selection) |  | | |
Copyright © 1998 by Bruno R. Preiss, P.Eng. All rights reserved.
